, in a discussion about the endosymbiosis of mitochondria into the eukaryote...
"modern metamorphosing insects arose when velvet worms (phylum Onychophora) somehow hybridized with primitive arthropods"read more: http://bugtracks.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/lynn-margulis/
"she somehow intuited that I would one day become obsessed with gall-making insects, and she showed me a chapter in a book she had edited in which it was hypothesized that fleshy fruits arose when gall-making insects happened to induce galls in the reproductive tissues of plants, so that the genetic coding for gallmaking was incorporated into the plant’s heritable genome."
produced by the gallfly of the family Cynipidae. Can be found all over UK... young Oaks appear to be more susceptible than older. The acorn has been infected by a larvae which alters the normal growth of the acorn. The flesh of the gall is less tough than an acorn would be and is larger and more rounded.
(and toy
) (from latin, 'of beer')
Saccharomycetes is the most studied of the yeasts due to its availability and its being around for thousands of years...
Six Human RNA Polymerase Subunits Functionally Substitute for Their Yeast Counterparts
(view PDF at American Society of Microbiology)
McKune, Keith; Moore, Paul A.; Hull, Melissa W.; Woychik, Nancy A.
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, Dec. 1995, p. 6895–6900
This study looks at Saccharomyces cerevisiae pol II
"Immunoprecipitation of the cell extracts from yeast cells containing either of the human subunits that function in place of their yeast counterparts in vivo suggested that they assemble with the complete set of yeast RNA polymerase II subunits. Overall, a total of six of the seven human subunits tested previously or in this study are able to substitute for their yeast counterparts in vivo, underscoring the remarkable similarities between the transcriptional machineries of lower and higher eukaryotes."
"Our results reinforce the hypothesis that C. albicans is one of the triggers to both exacerbation and persistence of psoriasis."
Waldman, A., A. Gilhar, L. Duek, and I. Berdicevsky. 2001. Incidence of Candida in psoriasis—a study on the fungal flora of psoriatic patients. Mycoses 44:77–81.
the leaves become thickened, distorted and turn yellow or reddish in colour, later causing the leaves to turn brown, dusty with ascospores and to fall. Taphrina deformans also affects the flowers and peach fruits, causing them either to drop early or become crooked at the stem or develop reddish to purple, wart-like deformities on the fruit surface.
"A special feature of C. albicans that is likely to play an important role in evasion of the immune response is the morphological transition from a unicellular yeast (Y) form to an elongated, multinucleate hyphal or mycelial form through the critical stage of germ tube (GT) formation. Conversion from the Y form to the GT form is strictly associated with virulence, as demonstrated by the fact that several mutants with the hypha-specific genes deleted, as well as wild-type strains unable to grow into the mycelial form, invariably have low systemic pathogenicity"Candida albicans Yeast and Germ Tube Forms Interfere Differently with Human Monocyte Differentiation into Dendritic Cells: a Novel Dimorphism-Dependent Mechanism To Escape the Host's Immune Response
"The different modulatory effects exerted by Y and GT forms of C. albicans on differentiating monocytes may be a key phenomenon that contributes to an explanation of the intriguing paradox that distinguishes this fungus, as represented by its persistence in some body compartments as a commensal yeast or as pathogen hyphae despite the presence of vigorous cellular and humoral systemic immune responses."
"Thus, the differentiation of human monocytes into DCs appears to be tunable and exploitable by C. albicans to elude immune surveillance."
